Optimal control to handle variations in moisture content and reactor in-feed rate

The variations in feedstock characteristics, such as moisture and particle size distribution, lead to an inconsistent flow of from the biomass pre-processing system reactor in-feed system. These inconsistencies result low on-stream times at equipment. This research develops optimal process control method for a comprised milling densification operations provide consistent reactor's throat. uses mixed-integer optimization model identify bale sequencing, equipment rate, buffer location method, referred hybrid (HPC), aims maximize throughput over time. We compare HPC with baseline feed forward control. Our case study based on switchgrass finds that reduces variation feeding rate by up 100% without increasing operating cost ranging 10 25%. Additionally, processing 0.36%–2.22%, time 0.35%–2.24%. A biorefinery can adapt achieve its design capacity. • propose reducing variability 100%. proposed Bale location/size impact performance. Sequencing bales repeating patterns improves